{"id":59,"date":"2024-11-26T07:12:35","date_gmt":"2024-11-26T07:12:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infomega.ro\/a10a\/?page_id=59"},"modified":"2024-11-26T07:12:36","modified_gmt":"2024-11-26T07:12:36","slug":"m2-tic-l1-sisteme-de-operare","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.infomega.ro\/a10a\/t-i-c\/m2-t-i-c\/m2-tic-l1-sisteme-de-operare\/","title":{"rendered":"M2 TIC L1 Sisteme de Operare"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Un sistem de operare are mai multe componente esen\u021biale care lucreaz\u0103 \u00eempreun\u0103 pentru a gestiona resursele hardware \u0219i software, asigur\u00e2nd func\u021bionarea corespunz\u0103toare a calculatorului.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Def1<\/strong>:&nbsp;<strong><em>Un sistem de operare este o ma\u0219in\u0103 virtual\u0103 extins\u0103 la o ma\u0219in\u0103 fizic\u0103. Ma\u0219ina \u00eenseamn\u0103 un automat finit determinist.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Def2<\/strong>:&nbsp;<strong><em>Un sistem de operare este un ansamblu de programe ce func\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u00eempreun\u0103 oferindu-ne posibilitatea de a utiliza sistemul de calcul.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Def3<\/strong>:&nbsp;<strong><em>Un sistem de operare este o interfa\u021b\u0103 \u00eentre toate componentele sistemului de calcul \u0219i utilizator.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Istoria sistemelor de operare:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> video1 istoria sistemelor de operare<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Istoria pe scurt a sistemelor de operare.\" width=\"729\" height=\"410\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/1Ll4mKBTz1s?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Principalele componente ale unui sistem de operare sunt:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Kernel<\/strong>\u00a0= Este partea central\u0103 a unui sistem de operare, responsabil\u0103 de gestionarea resurselor hardware \u0219i software ale calculatorului. Toate procesele (programe aflate \u00een execu\u021bie) acceseaz\u0103 complexitatea hardware-ului prin kernel care este sistemul de operare propriu-zis.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Managerul de procese = Gestioneaz\u0103 crearea, planificarea \u0219i terminarea proceselor.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Managerul de memorie = Gestioneaz\u0103 memoria RAM, aloc\u00e2nd \u0219i eliber\u00e2nd memorie pentru procesele \u00een execu\u021bie.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Managerul de fi\u0219iere = Asigur\u0103 crearea, \u0219tergerea, organizarea ierarhic\u0103\u00a0<strong>fi\u0219ierelor\u00a0<\/strong>\u0219i\u00a0<strong>directoarelor<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Interfa\u021ba cu utilizatorul (UI)<\/strong>\u00a0= Este partea sistemului de operare cu care utilizatorii interac\u021bioneaz\u0103 direct.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Poate fi o\u00a0<strong>interfa\u021b\u0103 grafic\u0103 (GUI)<\/strong>, cum este cazul \u00een Windows sau macOS, sau una pe baz\u0103 de\u00a0<strong>linii de comand\u0103 (CLI)<\/strong>, cum se \u00eent\u00e2lne\u0219te \u00een Linux \u0219i alte SO-uri de tip UNIX \u0219i are numele de Interpretor de comenzi (Shell) sau Terminal sau CMD (command prompt).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Programe utilitare de sistem = Sunt instrumente sau aplica\u021bii care faciliteaz\u0103 \u00eentre\u021binerea \u0219i administrarea sistemului de operare.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Exemple de utilitare includ programele pentru defragmentarea discului, gestionarea backup-urilor, monitorizarea performan\u021bei \u0219i diagnosticul de sistem, arhivare programe, etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Primul sistem de operare se nume\u0219te UNIX \u0219i a fost realizat \u00een laboratoarele Bell al firmei AT&amp;T din SUA la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul anilor 1960:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> video 2 despre UNIX, primul sistem de operare<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Sisteme de operare\" width=\"729\" height=\"547\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/O1QMF20wMqw?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Informa\u021biile din sistemele de operare sunt organizate sub form\u0103 de fi\u0219iere \u0219i directoare:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Director = folder = dosar<\/strong>&nbsp;<em>\u0219i poate con\u021bine<\/em>&nbsp;<strong>fi\u0219iere<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cele mai folosite sisteme de operare sunt&nbsp;<strong>Windows<\/strong>, distribu\u021biile de&nbsp;<strong>Linux<\/strong>,&nbsp;<strong>MacOS X<\/strong>,&nbsp;<strong>iOS:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Windows\u00a0<\/strong>are versiuni: 3.11, 95, 98,\u00a0 Me, Xp, 7, 8, 10, 11<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Linux\u00a0<\/strong>este un\u00a0<strong>kernel\u00a0<\/strong>care are distribu\u021bii ca: Debian, Ubuntu,\u00a0<strong>Android<\/strong>, Linux Mint, Fedora, Cent OS, Arch Linux, etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Mac OS<\/strong>\u00a0\u0219i varianta iOS pentru telefoanele \u0219i tabletele de la Apple<strong>.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>\u00cen Windows fi\u0219ierele au nume \u0219i extensie de tipul nume.ext. Noi recunoa\u0219tem fi\u0219ierul dup\u0103 nume iar SO recunoa\u0219te fi\u0219ierul dup\u0103 extensie pentru al asocia \u0219i deschide cu programul \u00een care a fost scris. &nbsp;<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Exemple:\u00a0<strong>nume.txt<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 fi\u0219ier text<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nume. jpg\u00a0 sau\u00a0<strong>nume.jpeg<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 fi\u0219ier imagine<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nume.doc sau\u00a0<strong>nume.docx<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 fi\u0219ier document<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>O colec\u021bie organizat\u0103 de fi\u0219iere memorat\u0103 pe suporturi de memorie extern\u0103 \u0219i care au un program de acces la ele se nume\u0219te baz\u0103 de date deci&nbsp; S.O. este \u0219i o baz\u0103 de date. S.O.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Un sistem de operare are mai multe componente esen\u021biale care lucreaz\u0103 \u00eempreun\u0103 pentru a gestiona resursele hardware \u0219i software, asigur\u00e2nd func\u021bionarea corespunz\u0103toare a calculatorului. Def1:&nbsp;Un sistem de operare este o ma\u0219in\u0103 virtual\u0103 extins\u0103 la o ma\u0219in\u0103 fizic\u0103. Ma\u0219ina \u00eenseamn\u0103 un automat finit determinist. Def2:&nbsp;Un sistem de operare este un ansamblu de programe ce func\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u00eempreun\u0103 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":32,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_FSMCFIC_featured_image_caption":"","_FSMCFIC_featured_image_nocaption":"","_FSMCFIC_featured_image_hide":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-59","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>M2 TIC L1 Sisteme de Operare - Clasa a X-a InfoMega<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.infomega.ro\/a10a\/t-i-c\/m2-t-i-c\/m2-tic-l1-sisteme-de-operare\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"M2 TIC L1 Sisteme de Operare - Clasa a X-a InfoMega\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Un sistem de operare are mai multe componente esen\u021biale care lucreaz\u0103 \u00eempreun\u0103 pentru a gestiona resursele hardware \u0219i software, asigur\u00e2nd func\u021bionarea corespunz\u0103toare a calculatorului. Def1:&nbsp;Un sistem de operare este o ma\u0219in\u0103 virtual\u0103 extins\u0103 la o ma\u0219in\u0103 fizic\u0103. Ma\u0219ina \u00eenseamn\u0103 un automat finit determinist. 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